CHRONOLOGY
794 c.e. Heian Founded
The Heian period in Japanese history begins when the emperor moves the capital from Nara to a site near that of present-day Kyoto. The Heian period was noted for its high culture.
800 c.e. Charlemagne, Roman Emperor of the West Charlemagne is crowned emperor of the West by Pope Leo III on December 25th—Christmas Day—in St. Peter’s Church.
800–900 c.e. Terminal Classic Period in Maya Zones Transition from the Late Classic to the Terminal Classic period in the Maya lowlands of Meso- america.
802 c.e. Angkor Period
The Angkor period begins in 802, when Jayavarman II establishes his capital at Angkor. Jayavarman unites all of Cambodia and achieves independence from Java.
843 c.e. Treaty of Verdun
Under the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Kingdom is divided into three parts. Louis II rules the Frankish Kingdom east of the Rhine; Lothair I rules northern Italy, part of France, and Belgium; and Charles II (the Bald) rules the western Frankish Empire, consisting of most of present-day France.
851 c.e. Danish Vikings Sack London
Danish Vikings sailed up the Thames in 851. They sack London and Canterbury but are defeated at Ockley by the king of the West Saxons.
860 c.e. Khazar Kings Convert to Judaism
The Khazar kings convert to Judaism. A Jewish dynasty of kings presides over the Khazar Kingdom until the 960s.
862 c.e. Rurik Leads Viking Raids, Founded Russia
The Viking chieftain Rurik leads raids on northern Russia, marking the beginning of the imperial Rus- sian period.
866–1160 c.e. Fujiwara Period
The Fujiwara period begins in Japan in 866. Fujiwara
Mototsune becomes the first civilian dictator.
867 c.e. Basil Founded Macedonian Dynasty
Basil has his co-emperor Michael III murdered and
becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Basil creates what became known as the Macedonian dynasty that lasts until 1076.
872 c.e. Harold I King of Norway
Harold I creates modern Norway by deposing many of the petty chieftains to unify the country.
878 c.e. Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great wins a major victory over the Danes in the Battle of Edington in southern England.
900 c.e. Ghanaian Kingdom in West Africa
The Kingdom of Ghana, made rich on the trade of salt and gold, dominates West Africa.
900 c.e. Mesoamerican Civilizations
Fall of the Zapotec city-state of Monte Albán in Oaxaca Valley in Mexico, and the height of Classic Vera- cruz states along Mexican gulf coast.
907 c.e. Five Dynasties in China
At the fall of the Tang dynasty, China is divided between 907 and 959, known as the period of Five Dynasties. Five short-lived dynasties successively rule parts of North China while 10 kingdoms rule parts of southern China.
911 c.e. Treaty of St-Clair-sur-Epte
The Treaty of St-Clair-sur-Epte is signed. Under the terms of the treaty, the kingdom of Normandy is established; Rollo the Viking becomes the first ruler, and he converts to Christianity.
916–1125 c.e. Liao Dynasty in Northeastern China
A nomadic people called Khitan establish a state in northeastern China and force the Song to pay annual tribute.
918 c.e. Koryo Dynasty Founded
The Koryo dynasty is founded by Wang Kon, who unites Korea. This dynasty remains in power until
1392.
945 c.e. Collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and
Establishment of Buyid Dynasty
Ahmad Ibn Buwa, a Shi’i from Iran, takes Baghdad and is made caliph.
955 c.e. Otto the Great Defeats Magyars
Otto the Great defeats the Magyars in 955 c.e. at the
Battle of Lechfeld. This ends 50 years of Magyar raids on western Europe.
960 C.E. Song Dynasty Founded
The Song dynasty is founded by Zhao Kuangyin, who reigns as Emperor Taizu. Even at its height, the Song dynasty (960–1126) does not rule the entire Chinese world. Kaifeng becomes the capital.
962–1886 C.E. The Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty is founded by Subaktagin, a Turkish slave who converts to Islam. The dynasty establishes itself in present-day Afghanistan.
962 C.E. Otto I Emperor of Rome
Otto the Great is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII and revives the power of the Western Roman Empire.
968 C.E. The Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt
The Fatimids establish a Shi’i Muslim dynasty in
Egypt.
970 C.E. Al-Azhar, Islamic University, Founded by
Fatimid Dynasty
The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt founds the al-Azhar Uni- versity in Cairo that becomes the premier educational center in the Islamic world.
980–1037 C.E. Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Foremost
Philosopher and Medical Scholar
Ibn Sina, born in Iran, spent most of his academic career in Baghdad, where he wrote extensively on medicine, religion, and philosophy.
989 C.E. The Peace of God
The Peace of God is passed at the Council of Charroux. It is supported by Hugh Capet, king of France. The Peace of God attempts to reduce feudal warfare by limiting private wars to certain parts of the year, and by providing protection for noncombatants.
1000 C.E. Tale of Genji
Murasaki Shikibu, author of what some claim is the world’s first novel, used the Japanese written form— called kana—to describe Japanese court life.
1000 C.E. Zimbabwean Complex in Southern Africa
The massive stone complex at Zimbabwe is one of the largest Bantu cites and serves as a capital for several Bantu rulers.
1014 C.E. Basil II Defeats the Bulgarians
The Byzantine Emperor Basil II routs the Bulgarians at the Battle of Cimbalugu.
1016 C.E. Canute II Rules All of England
On the death of Ethelred II, the king of England, Edmund II succeeds to the throne. Following his death, Canute II, a Dane, is chosen by the Witan, the advisory council to the king.
1025 C.E. Boleslas, First King of Poland
Poland gains independence from the Holy Roman Empire when Boleslas I is crowned the first Polish king at Gniezno.
1031 C.E. The Umayyad Caliphate of Spain Dissolves After 30 years of anarchy, the Umayyad Caliphate of Spain dissolves after the death of Hisham III and Andalusia (Spain) is divided into a number of small Muslim states.
1038–1227 C.E. Xixia a State in Western China
Proto-Tibetan Xixia—a Buddhist state—was Genghis
Khan’s first victim, destroyed by the Mongols.
1050 C.E. Kingdom of Ghana at Its Most Powerful
The kingdom of Ghana at its most powerful but it begins to decline in the 1070s.
1055 C.E. Seljuk Turks Take Baghdad
The Seljuk Turks, under the command of Tughril, reigned 1038–63, capture Baghdad from the Buyids in 1055.
1057 C.E. Anawratha Unites Burma
Anawratha, the Burmese king of Pagan, conquers the Mon kingdom of Thaton. For the first time, all of Burma is under unified rule.
1066 C.E. Normans Win at the Battle of Hastings
At the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror defeats Harold II, king of England. The victory leads to the complete domination of England by the Nor- mans.
1071 C.E. Battle of Manzikert
At the Battle of Manzikert, in present-day Turkey, the Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine forces and capture the Byzantine emperor, Romanus IV. The Seljuks subsequently take most of Asia Minor and gain control over trade routes used by Christian pilgrims to reach Jerusalem. The persecution and harassment of Christians is a contributing cause to the Crusades.
The Heian period in Japanese history begins when the emperor moves the capital from Nara to a site near that of present-day Kyoto. The Heian period was noted for its high culture.
800 c.e. Charlemagne, Roman Emperor of the West Charlemagne is crowned emperor of the West by Pope Leo III on December 25th—Christmas Day—in St. Peter’s Church.
800–900 c.e. Terminal Classic Period in Maya Zones Transition from the Late Classic to the Terminal Classic period in the Maya lowlands of Meso- america.
802 c.e. Angkor Period
The Angkor period begins in 802, when Jayavarman II establishes his capital at Angkor. Jayavarman unites all of Cambodia and achieves independence from Java.
843 c.e. Treaty of Verdun
Under the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Kingdom is divided into three parts. Louis II rules the Frankish Kingdom east of the Rhine; Lothair I rules northern Italy, part of France, and Belgium; and Charles II (the Bald) rules the western Frankish Empire, consisting of most of present-day France.
851 c.e. Danish Vikings Sack London
Danish Vikings sailed up the Thames in 851. They sack London and Canterbury but are defeated at Ockley by the king of the West Saxons.
860 c.e. Khazar Kings Convert to Judaism
The Khazar kings convert to Judaism. A Jewish dynasty of kings presides over the Khazar Kingdom until the 960s.
862 c.e. Rurik Leads Viking Raids, Founded Russia
The Viking chieftain Rurik leads raids on northern Russia, marking the beginning of the imperial Rus- sian period.
866–1160 c.e. Fujiwara Period
The Fujiwara period begins in Japan in 866. Fujiwara
Mototsune becomes the first civilian dictator.
867 c.e. Basil Founded Macedonian Dynasty
Basil has his co-emperor Michael III murdered and
becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Basil creates what became known as the Macedonian dynasty that lasts until 1076.
872 c.e. Harold I King of Norway
Harold I creates modern Norway by deposing many of the petty chieftains to unify the country.
878 c.e. Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great wins a major victory over the Danes in the Battle of Edington in southern England.
900 c.e. Ghanaian Kingdom in West Africa
The Kingdom of Ghana, made rich on the trade of salt and gold, dominates West Africa.
900 c.e. Mesoamerican Civilizations
Fall of the Zapotec city-state of Monte Albán in Oaxaca Valley in Mexico, and the height of Classic Vera- cruz states along Mexican gulf coast.
907 c.e. Five Dynasties in China
At the fall of the Tang dynasty, China is divided between 907 and 959, known as the period of Five Dynasties. Five short-lived dynasties successively rule parts of North China while 10 kingdoms rule parts of southern China.
911 c.e. Treaty of St-Clair-sur-Epte
The Treaty of St-Clair-sur-Epte is signed. Under the terms of the treaty, the kingdom of Normandy is established; Rollo the Viking becomes the first ruler, and he converts to Christianity.
916–1125 c.e. Liao Dynasty in Northeastern China
A nomadic people called Khitan establish a state in northeastern China and force the Song to pay annual tribute.
918 c.e. Koryo Dynasty Founded
The Koryo dynasty is founded by Wang Kon, who unites Korea. This dynasty remains in power until
1392.
945 c.e. Collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and
Establishment of Buyid Dynasty
Ahmad Ibn Buwa, a Shi’i from Iran, takes Baghdad and is made caliph.
955 c.e. Otto the Great Defeats Magyars
Otto the Great defeats the Magyars in 955 c.e. at the
Battle of Lechfeld. This ends 50 years of Magyar raids on western Europe.
960 C.E. Song Dynasty Founded
The Song dynasty is founded by Zhao Kuangyin, who reigns as Emperor Taizu. Even at its height, the Song dynasty (960–1126) does not rule the entire Chinese world. Kaifeng becomes the capital.
962–1886 C.E. The Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty is founded by Subaktagin, a Turkish slave who converts to Islam. The dynasty establishes itself in present-day Afghanistan.
962 C.E. Otto I Emperor of Rome
Otto the Great is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII and revives the power of the Western Roman Empire.
968 C.E. The Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt
The Fatimids establish a Shi’i Muslim dynasty in
Egypt.
970 C.E. Al-Azhar, Islamic University, Founded by
Fatimid Dynasty
The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt founds the al-Azhar Uni- versity in Cairo that becomes the premier educational center in the Islamic world.
980–1037 C.E. Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Foremost
Philosopher and Medical Scholar
Ibn Sina, born in Iran, spent most of his academic career in Baghdad, where he wrote extensively on medicine, religion, and philosophy.
989 C.E. The Peace of God
The Peace of God is passed at the Council of Charroux. It is supported by Hugh Capet, king of France. The Peace of God attempts to reduce feudal warfare by limiting private wars to certain parts of the year, and by providing protection for noncombatants.
1000 C.E. Tale of Genji
Murasaki Shikibu, author of what some claim is the world’s first novel, used the Japanese written form— called kana—to describe Japanese court life.
1000 C.E. Zimbabwean Complex in Southern Africa
The massive stone complex at Zimbabwe is one of the largest Bantu cites and serves as a capital for several Bantu rulers.
1014 C.E. Basil II Defeats the Bulgarians
The Byzantine Emperor Basil II routs the Bulgarians at the Battle of Cimbalugu.
1016 C.E. Canute II Rules All of England
On the death of Ethelred II, the king of England, Edmund II succeeds to the throne. Following his death, Canute II, a Dane, is chosen by the Witan, the advisory council to the king.
1025 C.E. Boleslas, First King of Poland
Poland gains independence from the Holy Roman Empire when Boleslas I is crowned the first Polish king at Gniezno.
1031 C.E. The Umayyad Caliphate of Spain Dissolves After 30 years of anarchy, the Umayyad Caliphate of Spain dissolves after the death of Hisham III and Andalusia (Spain) is divided into a number of small Muslim states.
1038–1227 C.E. Xixia a State in Western China
Proto-Tibetan Xixia—a Buddhist state—was Genghis
Khan’s first victim, destroyed by the Mongols.
1050 C.E. Kingdom of Ghana at Its Most Powerful
The kingdom of Ghana at its most powerful but it begins to decline in the 1070s.
1055 C.E. Seljuk Turks Take Baghdad
The Seljuk Turks, under the command of Tughril, reigned 1038–63, capture Baghdad from the Buyids in 1055.
1057 C.E. Anawratha Unites Burma
Anawratha, the Burmese king of Pagan, conquers the Mon kingdom of Thaton. For the first time, all of Burma is under unified rule.
1066 C.E. Normans Win at the Battle of Hastings
At the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror defeats Harold II, king of England. The victory leads to the complete domination of England by the Nor- mans.
1071 C.E. Battle of Manzikert
At the Battle of Manzikert, in present-day Turkey, the Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine forces and capture the Byzantine emperor, Romanus IV. The Seljuks subsequently take most of Asia Minor and gain control over trade routes used by Christian pilgrims to reach Jerusalem. The persecution and harassment of Christians is a contributing cause to the Crusades.
1076 c.e. Kingdom of Ghana Defeated by Amoravids The Berber Almoravids who control most of Morocco conquer the Kingdom of Ghana; its capital Koumbi Saleh is sacked but the Almoravids are soon forced to withdraw.
1085 c.e. Alfonso VI Conquers Toledo
Alfonso VI, the Christian king of León and Castile, captures Toledo from the Almoravids and makes it his capital.
1094 c.e. El Cid Takes Valencia
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, captures the Moorish kingdom of Valencia after a nine-month siege.
1095–1099 c.e. Christian Crusades against the Seljuk
Turks and Muslims
The First Crusade begins with a call by Pope Urban II for Christian states to free the Holy Land from the Muslim Seljuk Turks.
1099 c.e. Crusaders Arrive in Jerusalem
The crusaders capture Jerusalem and kill thousands of Muslims, Jews, and eastern Orthodox Chris- tians indiscriminately. The Crusades establish feu- dal states in the territories they hold in the eastern Mediterranean.
1100 c.e. Fall of Chichén Itzá
Approximate date of the fall of the Maya Postclassic state of Chichén Itzá in the northern lowlands.
1113 c.e. Khmer Empire Reaches Peak
The Khmer Empire in present-day Cambodia is estab- lished in 600 and reaches its peak under Suryavarman II.
1115–1234 c.e. Jin Dynasty in North China
The seminomadic Jurchen in northeastern China destroy the Liao dynasty and establish the Jin dynas- ty. Then the Jin drive the Song out of North China. Thus the Song is divided into the Northern Song (960–1127) and Southern Song (1127–1279).
1125 c.e. Song Huizong is Captured by Jin
Huizong’s disastrous reign results in his capture by
the seminomadic Jin dynasty and ending the North- ern Song.
1127–1129 c.e. Tului Khan Regent of Mongol Empire Tului is the youngest son of Genghis Khan. His two sons, Mongke and Kubilai, later become grand khans.
1141 c.e. Yue Fei Murdered
General Yue led a successful campaign to recover North China from the invading Jin dynasty. His mur- der in jail by leaders of the Southern Song government led to peace between the Song and Jin, with the Jin controlling northern China.
1143 c.e. Afonso I King of Portugal
Under the terms of the Treaty of Zamora in 1143, the independence of Portugal is recognized. Afonso I becomes the first king.
1147 c.e. Second Crusade
The Second Crusade is organized by Louis VII, king of Spain and Conrad III, king of Germany. The cru- sade comes to a disastrous end due to a lack of leadership.
1147 c.e. Almohads Conquer Morocco
Morocco is conquered by Abd al-Mumin, the leader of the Berber Muslim Almohad dynasty. This con- quest ends the Almoravid dynasty.
1157 c.e. Eric IX Defeats the Finns
Eric IX, Christian king of Sweden, defeats the Finns and forces them to convert to Christianity.
1163 c.e. Gothic Architecture and the Building of
Notre-Dame
Construction of one of the most notable Gothic churches, Notre-Dame in Paris, begins.
1168 c.e. Oxford Founded
The school of Oxford is founded in 1168 in England, the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
1171 c.e. Saladin (Salah ad-Din) Founds the Ayyubid
Dynasty
Saladin, reigned 1174–93, abolishes the Shi’i Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt and establishes the Sunni Muslim Ayyubid dynasty.
1171 c.e. Henry II Invades Ireland
Henry II, king of England, responds to a request for help from Ireland’s deposed king Dermot MacMurrough by sending forces to Ireland.
1174 c.e. William the Lion Defeated
Henry II defeats William the Lion, king of Scotland, at the siege of Alnwick Castle.
1176 c.e. Frederick I Barbarossa Defeated
The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Barbossa) is decisively defeated by the Lombard League at Legna- no and therefore fails to take northern Italy.
1180–1185 c.e. Gempei Wars
Wars in Japan between two prominent clans. The Taira clan won the first round and became shogun. The Minamoto clan won the second round and gained control of the country; established the Kamakura Shogunate.
1181 King Lalibela Rules Ethiopia
Under King Lalibela massive stone churches are con- structed in Ethiopia.
1187 c.e. Saladin (Salah ad Din) wins the Battle of
Hittin against the Crusaders
At the Battle of Hittin, Saladin decisively defeats the crusaders and retakes Jerusalem and most of the main cities in the eastern Mediterranean.
1186 c.e. Second Bulgarian Empire
A successful revolt takes place against the Byzantine rule of Bulgaria. This establishes the second Bulgarian empire that lasts until 1396.
1192 c.e. The Third Crusade
Spurred by Saladin’s triumph, the Christians launch the Third Crusade, led by Richard the Lionhearted. Following a two-year siege, the crusaders capture Acre; Richard then negotiates a truce with Saladin that ensures Christian access to holy sites in Jerusalem, but the crusaders retain only a small area along the coast and the island of Cyprus.
1199 c.e. Richard the Lionhearted Dies
Richard the Lionhearted dies of an arrow wound while besieging Chalus in western France.
1199 c.e. Rise of the Hojo
The Hojo clan controls Japan through marriage into the Minamoto clan, gaining control of the Kamakura Shogunate.
1200 c.e. Rise of Mayapán
Approximate date of the rise of the city-state of May- apán in the Maya northern lowlands.
1200 c.e. University of Paris Founded
Philip II, king of France, issues a charter to establish the University of Paris.
1202 c.e. Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade begins at the behest of Emperor Henry, king of Sicily. Pope Innocent III issues a call to European monarchs to participate in the crusade. The call is answered primarily by French nobles.
1202 c.e. Danish Empire
Valdemar II succeeds to the Danish throne and expands the Danish empire to include northern Ger- many.
1204 c.e. Crusaders Capture Constantinople
Crusaders capture Constantinople in 1204; they kill many Eastern Orthodox Christians and pillage the city; this is a devastating blow to the Byzantine Empire, and the city never regains its former power.
1206 c.e. Genghis Khan
Temujin is proclaimed Genghis Khan, or universal ruler, after he unifies various Mongol tribes. His empire at his death includes northern China, Korea and Central Asia to the Caspian Sea and Don River in Russia.
1215 c.e. Magna Carta
In 1215, a group of determined barons force King John of England to sign the Magna Carta, under which the British aristocracy is granted the rights of trial by jury and protection from arbitrary acts by the king.
1217 c.e. French-English Battles
With the death of King John, civil war divides England. The French intervene and occupy parts of England, but the French are defeated by the English at the Battle of Lincoln and then lose their fleet at the naval Battle of Sandwich.
1222–1282 c.e. Nichiren
Nichiren, a Japanese monk, founds a sect based on a militant and nationalist interpretation of Buddhism.
1227 c.e. Chagatai Khanate Established
Central Asia became domain of Genghis Khan’s second son Chagatai and his descendants down to Timurlane.
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