Chronology
2,000,000 B.C.E. First Genus Homo Emerges
First example
of early humanoids emerge in Africa.
1,000,000 B.C.E. Premodern Humans Migrate out of Africa Prehumans move from Africa
into West Asia and elsewhere.
100,000 B.C.E. Homo sapiens in East Africa
Homo sapiens communities are established
in
East
Africa.
40,000 B.C.E. Paleolithic Era
Paleolithic era lasts to about 10,000 when Mesolithic era begins.
7000 B.C.E. Neolithic Era in Fertile
Crescent
Neolithic societies based on agriculture emerge in the
Fertile Crescent, present-day Iraq and Syria.
6000 B.C.E. Neolithic Societies in Europe, Asia, and
Western Hemisphere Neolithic cultures spread around the world.
5500 B.C.E. Egyptians Weave Flax into Fabric
In Egypt, flax threads are woven together to create fabric for the first time.
4400 B.C.E. Horses Domesticated
The domestication of
horses provides an important new mode of transportation.
3500 B.C.E. Cuneiform Writing
The
Sumerians, in present-day Iraq, are the first group to
develop a written
script called cuneiform. Archaeologists have
discovered thousands of clay tablets with Sumerian cuneiform writing on them.
3500 B.C.E. Bronze Made
Bronze is made for the first time in a process whereby
copper is combined
with
tin
to
create
a new
metal that can be used in many tools.
3500 B.C.E. Sumerian Civilization
Sumerian civilization, with city-states and agriculture with irrigation systems, is established in the Fertile Crescent.
3250 B.C.E. Paper Made of Papyrus Reed
The
first known paper is produced in Egypt.
3200. B.C.E. South America
Beginnings of complex societies along the northern
Peruvian Pacific coast.
3200 B.C.E. Hieroglyphic Writing
The Egyptians develop
hieroglyphic writing. This style was gradually
replaced by the Greek system.
3050–2890 B.C.E. Egypt’s First Dynasty
King Menes
creates the
first dynasty
of Egypt
and
unites Egypt into a single kingdom, bringing
together the two separate Lower and Upper kingdoms.
3000 B.C.E. First Chariots
The
first known use of wheels for transport occurs in Sumer; they are used both for transport and on early chariots.
2900 B.C.E. Great Pyramid Built
The Great Pyramid
of Khufu (Cheops) at Giza outside present-day Cairo
is built around 2900.
It takes
4,000 stonemasons and
as many as 100,000 laborers
to build the pyramid.
2900 B.C.E. Indus Valley
Civilization begins in the
Indus
Valley. Most of the peoples of the Harappan civilization
live either near or in the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro.
2700 B.C.E. Epic
of Gilgamesh
In the Fertile
Crescent, the epic poem on the founding
of Uruk, the first major city, is created.
2700 B.C.E. Founding of China
Chinese mythical ruler Yellow Emperor becomes leader of tribes along the Yellow River plain. Chinese writers accept him as the founder of the Chinese nation.
2700 B.C.E. Early Minoan Culture
The Minoan civilization emerges on the island of Crete.
2686–2613
B.C.E. Egypt’s Third Dynasty
The Third Dynasty
is founded by Pharaoh Djoser.
2613–2498 B.C.E. Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty by the Pharaoh
Sneferu. He builds
the pyramid at Dahshur.
2350–2198 B.C.E. Three Emperors of China
Period of the mythical Three Emperors—Yao, Shun, and
Yu —whose reigns are remembered
as a golden age.
2341–2181
B.C.E. Egypt’s Sixth Dynasty
During the course of the Sixth Dynasty, the powers
of the pharaoh decrease.
The growing power of the nobility limits the absolute
power of the Egyptian
kings.
3200 B.C.E. Hieroglyphic Writing
The Egyptians develop hieroglyphic
writing. This style was gradually
replaced by the Greek system.
3050–2890 B.C.E. Egypt’s First Dynasty
King Menes creates
the first
dynasty of
Egypt and unites Egypt into a single kingdom, bringing together the two separate
Lower and Upper kingdoms.
3000 B.C.E. First Chariots
The first known use of wheels for transport occurs in Sumer; they are used both for transport and on early chariots.
2900 B.C.E. Great Pyramid Built
The Great Pyramid
of Khufu
(Cheops) at Giza outside present-day Cairo is built around 2900.
It takes
4,000 stonemasons and
as many as 100,000 laborers
to build the pyramid.
2900 B.C.E. Indus Valley
Civilization begins
in the Indus Valley. Most of the peoples of the Harappan civilization
live either near or in the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro.
2700 B.C.E. Epic
of Gilgamesh
In the Fertile
Crescent, the epic poem on the founding
of Uruk, the first major city, is created.
2700 B.C.E. Founding of China
Chinese mythical
ruler Yellow Emperor becomes leader of tribes along the Yellow River plain. Chinese writers accept him as the founder of the Chinese nation.
2700 B.C.E. Early Minoan Culture
The Minoan civilization emerges on the island of Crete.
2686–2613 B.C.E. Egypt’s Third Dynasty
The Third Dynasty
is founded by Pharaoh Djoser.
2613–2498 B.C.E. Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty
The Fourth Dynasty
is founded
by the
Pharaoh
Sneferu. He builds
the pyramid at Dahshur.
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