Chronology
600 C.E. Late Preclassic Period in Maya Zones
Beginning of the Late Preclassic period in the Maya zones of Mesoamerica.
604 C.E. Shotoku’s Reforms
Between 593 and 628 Empress Suiko rules Japan. During her reign regent Prince Shotoku undertakes major reforms with China as a model culminating in a 17- article constitution based on Confucian principles.
606–648 C.E. Harsha Reunifies India
His work is undone at his assassination. India is divided after its short unity.
610 C.E. Prophet Muhammad Receives Revelations
The prophet Muhammad in Mecca receives revelations that are set down in the Qur’an, the Muslim holy book.
618 C.E. Tang Dynasty Founded
The Tang dynasty is founded by Li Yuan and his son Li Shimin at the fall of the Sui dynasty. It inaugurated China’s second imperial age.
618 C.E. Grand Canal
By the fall of the Sui dynasty the Grand Canal has
been extended to Hangzhou, providing an efficient water transport system.
622 C.E. New Muslim Community Flees to Medina
The fledgling Muslim community led by the prophet Muhammad makes the Hijrah (flight) from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution.
627 C.E. Battle of Nineveh
At the Battle of Nineveh, the forces of the Byzantine
Emperor Heraclius defeat the Sassanids.
629–645 C.E. Xuanzang Travels to India
Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang’s journey and translation of Buddhist canons mark the height of Buddhism in China.
632 C.E. Muslim Rule over Mecca and Medina and the
Prophet Muhammad Dies
Following several battles, the Muslims retake Mecca and establish a Muslim community; following the prophet Muhammad’s death Abu Bakr is chosen as the first caliph or leader.
634 C.E. Omar Chosen as Second Caliph
Omar, known as the “second founder of Islam,” establishes a single authoritative version of the Qur’an and presides over the rapid expansion of the Muslim state. Within 100 years the Arab/Muslim state would stretch from the Indus River in the east to Morocco in North Africa and Spain in the west.
636 C.E. Battle of Yarmuk
The Arab/Muslim forces decisively defeat the Byz- antine Empire at the Battle of Yarmuk and rapidly expand their new empire.
638 C.E. Arab Forces Take Jerusalem
Having taken Damascus, Arab/Muslim forces take Jerusalem, the third most holy city in Islam, but grant religious freedom to “people of the book,” Jews and Christians.
642 C.E. Arab Conquest of Egypt
Arab forces under the command of Amir ibn al-As attack Egypt and in 642 Egypt surrenders.
644 C.E. Omar I Assassinated
While at prayers in the mosque at Medina, Omar is assassinated by a Persian slave; Uthman, from the powerful Umayyad family, is chosen as the third caliph.
645 C.E. Fujiwara Clan
This clan receives its name and rises to dominate
Japan under the emperor as a result of a coup d’état.
645 C.E. Taika Reform
Great political and economic changes that are made in Japan according to the Chinese model.
650 C.E. Fall of Teotihuacán
Partial destruction and abandonment of Classic-era city-state of Teotihuacán in the Basin of Mexico.
656 C.E. Ali Selected as the Fourth Caliph and the
Battle of the Camel
Following Uthman’s assassination by rebels, Ali, the prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, is selected caliph. However, the succession is opposed by the Umayyads and A’isha, the Prophet’s favorite wife, who astride a camel leads forces against Ali at what becomes known as the Battle of the Camel, but Ali’s supporters win.
657 C.E. Battle of Siffin
At the Battle of Siffin, Muaw’iya of the Umayyad family challenges Ali’s supremacy and wins. In 661,
Ali is assassinated by opponents, thereby ending the age of the “rightly guided” caliphs.
660 C.E. Kingdom of Silla (Korea)
The kingdom of Silla, on the Korean Peninsula, con- quers the Paekche and Koguryo Kingdoms. They bring about the first unification of the Korean Peninsula.
661 C.E. Umayyad Caliphate Established
Muaw’iya establishes the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital at Damascus. He establishes a centralized empire that incorporates many institutions and artistic forms from the older Byzantine Empire.
673–678 C.E. Arab Forces Fail to Capture
Constantinople
Arab forces besiege Constantinople. The siege fails due to both the strength of the city walls and a new invention: “the Greek Fire” that caused havoc among the Arab fleet. In 678, a 30-year peace treaty is negotiated.
680 C.E. Battle of Kerbala
At Kerbala, in present-day Iraq, supporters of the Umayyad Caliphate kill Ali’s son Husayn and his supporters. This marks the split between the Sunni Muslims and Shi’i Muslims who believe that the line of leadership for the Muslim community should follow through Ali and the Prophet’s family; Husayn becomes a martyr to the Shi’i community.
680–1018 C.E. First Bulgarian Empire
The first Bulgarian Empire is created when the Bul- gars defeat the Byzantines.
685 C.E. Caliph Abd al-Malik
Under Abd al-Malik I, reigned 685–705, Arabic becomes the major language of the Umayyad Empire and the first Arab/Muslim coins are minted at Damascus; his further centralization of the empire causes internal disputes.
690–705 C.E. Empress Wu of China
Wu Hou becomes the first female ruler of China after serving as regent upon her husband’s death.
700 C.E. Chinese Invent Gunpowder
The Chinese combine saltpeter, sulfur, and carbon to create gunpowder. It is initially used for fire- works.
700 C.E. Srivijaya Empire (Indonesia)
The Srivijaya Empire becomes the leading power in Indonesia. The Srivijayas originated in south- ern Sumatra. They control commercial trade routes through the islands.
701 C.E. Taiho Code
Elaborate Chinese-style law code is adopted by Japan as it developed a system of government based on the Chinese model.
707 C.E. Muslim Army Conquers Tangiers
Tangiers is captured by Muslim armies, and the ter- ritory is placed under a governor appointed by the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
710 C.E. Nara
Nara becomes Japan’s first permanent capital, modeled on the Chinese capital Chang’an. The court moves to Heian in 794.
711 C.E. Islamic Conquest of Spain
The Islamic conquest of Spain begins when Tariq, a Muslim general, crosses the Straits of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). His army of 7,000 men defeats Rod- erick, the last king of the Visigoths, and Spain (or Andalusia) becomes a Muslim territory for almost
800 years.
712–756 C.E. Tang Xuanzong
Xuanzong’s reign marks the zenith of Tang culture. It is the golden age of Chinese poetry. It ends in the disasterous An Lushan Rebellion.
730 C.E. Khazars Defeat Arab/Muslim Forces
The Khazar commander Barjik leads Khazar troops through the Darial Pass to invade Azerbaijan. At the Battle of Ardabil, the Khazars defeat an entire Arab army. The Khazars then conquer Azerbaijan and Armenia and, for a brief time, northern Iraq.
732 C.E. Battle of Tours
At the Battle of Tours, the Franks, under Charles Martel, defeat a Muslim expedition led by Abd al- Rahman; this marks the furthest incursion of Muslim forces into western Europe.
750 C.E. Abu al-Abbas Founds the Abbasid Dynasty Having taken most of Iran and Iraq, Abu al-Abbas and his followers overthrow the Umayyad dynasty centered in Damascus and establish a new Abbasid
dynasty with its initial capital at Kufa in present-day
Iraq.
751 C.E. Battle of Talas River
The Chinese army is defeated by forces of the caliph near Samarkand. China withdraws from Central Asia as a result.
754 C.E. Pepin the Short Founds the Carolingian
Dynasty
Pope Stephen II sanctifies Pepin as both king of the
Franks and king of the Frankish Church.
755–763 C.E. An Lushan Rebellion
Though put down, the Tang dynasty never recovers from the rebellion’s effects.
756 C.E. Abd al Rahman III Rules Andalusia
Under Abd al Rahman III, reigned 756–788, of the Umayyad Caliphate, Córdoba, in present-day Spain, becomes one of the richest cities in the world and a center for scholarship and the arts.
762 C.E. Abbasid Caliphate under al-Mansur and the
Construction of Baghdad
The Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar, or al-Mansur, reigned
754–775, builds a new capital, Baghdad, on the west bank of the Tigris River. A circular fortress, the city becomes one of the largest and richest in the world.
771 C.E. Charlemagne
Charlemagne becomes the Frankish ruler in the east after the death of his brother Caroman I. Until his brother’s death, Charlemagne had ruled the Neustri and Aquitaine. In a series of campaigns, Charlemagne expands his empire to include all of Germany.
774–842 C.E. Uighur Empire
Seminomadic state on the western border of the Tang Empire in China. Uighurs were vassals and trouble- some allies of the Tang.
780–809 C.E. Golden Age of Islam and Harun al- Rashid
Under Harun al-Rashid, reigned from 786–809, and his son Mamun, reigned 813–833, the Abbasid Caliphate reaches the zenith of its power and glory and is memorialized in the Arabian Nights. An academy for study of sciences and other disciplines, Bayt al Hikmah, becomes the center for scholars from around the world.
600 C.E. Late Preclassic Period in Maya Zones
Beginning of the Late Preclassic period in the Maya zones of Mesoamerica.
604 C.E. Shotoku’s Reforms
Between 593 and 628 Empress Suiko rules Japan. During her reign regent Prince Shotoku undertakes major reforms with China as a model culminating in a 17- article constitution based on Confucian principles.
606–648 C.E. Harsha Reunifies India
His work is undone at his assassination. India is divided after its short unity.
610 C.E. Prophet Muhammad Receives Revelations
The prophet Muhammad in Mecca receives revelations that are set down in the Qur’an, the Muslim holy book.
618 C.E. Tang Dynasty Founded
The Tang dynasty is founded by Li Yuan and his son Li Shimin at the fall of the Sui dynasty. It inaugurated China’s second imperial age.
618 C.E. Grand Canal
By the fall of the Sui dynasty the Grand Canal has
been extended to Hangzhou, providing an efficient water transport system.
622 C.E. New Muslim Community Flees to Medina
The fledgling Muslim community led by the prophet Muhammad makes the Hijrah (flight) from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution.
627 C.E. Battle of Nineveh
At the Battle of Nineveh, the forces of the Byzantine
Emperor Heraclius defeat the Sassanids.
629–645 C.E. Xuanzang Travels to India
Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang’s journey and translation of Buddhist canons mark the height of Buddhism in China.
632 C.E. Muslim Rule over Mecca and Medina and the
Prophet Muhammad Dies
Following several battles, the Muslims retake Mecca and establish a Muslim community; following the prophet Muhammad’s death Abu Bakr is chosen as the first caliph or leader.
634 C.E. Omar Chosen as Second Caliph
Omar, known as the “second founder of Islam,” establishes a single authoritative version of the Qur’an and presides over the rapid expansion of the Muslim state. Within 100 years the Arab/Muslim state would stretch from the Indus River in the east to Morocco in North Africa and Spain in the west.
636 C.E. Battle of Yarmuk
The Arab/Muslim forces decisively defeat the Byz- antine Empire at the Battle of Yarmuk and rapidly expand their new empire.
638 C.E. Arab Forces Take Jerusalem
Having taken Damascus, Arab/Muslim forces take Jerusalem, the third most holy city in Islam, but grant religious freedom to “people of the book,” Jews and Christians.
642 C.E. Arab Conquest of Egypt
Arab forces under the command of Amir ibn al-As attack Egypt and in 642 Egypt surrenders.
644 C.E. Omar I Assassinated
While at prayers in the mosque at Medina, Omar is assassinated by a Persian slave; Uthman, from the powerful Umayyad family, is chosen as the third caliph.
645 C.E. Fujiwara Clan
This clan receives its name and rises to dominate
Japan under the emperor as a result of a coup d’état.
645 C.E. Taika Reform
Great political and economic changes that are made in Japan according to the Chinese model.
650 C.E. Fall of Teotihuacán
Partial destruction and abandonment of Classic-era city-state of Teotihuacán in the Basin of Mexico.
656 C.E. Ali Selected as the Fourth Caliph and the
Battle of the Camel
Following Uthman’s assassination by rebels, Ali, the prophet Muhammad’s son-in-law, is selected caliph. However, the succession is opposed by the Umayyads and A’isha, the Prophet’s favorite wife, who astride a camel leads forces against Ali at what becomes known as the Battle of the Camel, but Ali’s supporters win.
657 C.E. Battle of Siffin
At the Battle of Siffin, Muaw’iya of the Umayyad family challenges Ali’s supremacy and wins. In 661,
Ali is assassinated by opponents, thereby ending the age of the “rightly guided” caliphs.
660 C.E. Kingdom of Silla (Korea)
The kingdom of Silla, on the Korean Peninsula, con- quers the Paekche and Koguryo Kingdoms. They bring about the first unification of the Korean Peninsula.
661 C.E. Umayyad Caliphate Established
Muaw’iya establishes the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital at Damascus. He establishes a centralized empire that incorporates many institutions and artistic forms from the older Byzantine Empire.
673–678 C.E. Arab Forces Fail to Capture
Constantinople
Arab forces besiege Constantinople. The siege fails due to both the strength of the city walls and a new invention: “the Greek Fire” that caused havoc among the Arab fleet. In 678, a 30-year peace treaty is negotiated.
680 C.E. Battle of Kerbala
At Kerbala, in present-day Iraq, supporters of the Umayyad Caliphate kill Ali’s son Husayn and his supporters. This marks the split between the Sunni Muslims and Shi’i Muslims who believe that the line of leadership for the Muslim community should follow through Ali and the Prophet’s family; Husayn becomes a martyr to the Shi’i community.
680–1018 C.E. First Bulgarian Empire
The first Bulgarian Empire is created when the Bul- gars defeat the Byzantines.
685 C.E. Caliph Abd al-Malik
Under Abd al-Malik I, reigned 685–705, Arabic becomes the major language of the Umayyad Empire and the first Arab/Muslim coins are minted at Damascus; his further centralization of the empire causes internal disputes.
690–705 C.E. Empress Wu of China
Wu Hou becomes the first female ruler of China after serving as regent upon her husband’s death.
700 C.E. Chinese Invent Gunpowder
The Chinese combine saltpeter, sulfur, and carbon to create gunpowder. It is initially used for fire- works.
700 C.E. Srivijaya Empire (Indonesia)
The Srivijaya Empire becomes the leading power in Indonesia. The Srivijayas originated in south- ern Sumatra. They control commercial trade routes through the islands.
701 C.E. Taiho Code
Elaborate Chinese-style law code is adopted by Japan as it developed a system of government based on the Chinese model.
707 C.E. Muslim Army Conquers Tangiers
Tangiers is captured by Muslim armies, and the ter- ritory is placed under a governor appointed by the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
710 C.E. Nara
Nara becomes Japan’s first permanent capital, modeled on the Chinese capital Chang’an. The court moves to Heian in 794.
711 C.E. Islamic Conquest of Spain
The Islamic conquest of Spain begins when Tariq, a Muslim general, crosses the Straits of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). His army of 7,000 men defeats Rod- erick, the last king of the Visigoths, and Spain (or Andalusia) becomes a Muslim territory for almost
800 years.
712–756 C.E. Tang Xuanzong
Xuanzong’s reign marks the zenith of Tang culture. It is the golden age of Chinese poetry. It ends in the disasterous An Lushan Rebellion.
730 C.E. Khazars Defeat Arab/Muslim Forces
The Khazar commander Barjik leads Khazar troops through the Darial Pass to invade Azerbaijan. At the Battle of Ardabil, the Khazars defeat an entire Arab army. The Khazars then conquer Azerbaijan and Armenia and, for a brief time, northern Iraq.
732 C.E. Battle of Tours
At the Battle of Tours, the Franks, under Charles Martel, defeat a Muslim expedition led by Abd al- Rahman; this marks the furthest incursion of Muslim forces into western Europe.
750 C.E. Abu al-Abbas Founds the Abbasid Dynasty Having taken most of Iran and Iraq, Abu al-Abbas and his followers overthrow the Umayyad dynasty centered in Damascus and establish a new Abbasid
dynasty with its initial capital at Kufa in present-day
Iraq.
751 C.E. Battle of Talas River
The Chinese army is defeated by forces of the caliph near Samarkand. China withdraws from Central Asia as a result.
754 C.E. Pepin the Short Founds the Carolingian
Dynasty
Pope Stephen II sanctifies Pepin as both king of the
Franks and king of the Frankish Church.
755–763 C.E. An Lushan Rebellion
Though put down, the Tang dynasty never recovers from the rebellion’s effects.
756 C.E. Abd al Rahman III Rules Andalusia
Under Abd al Rahman III, reigned 756–788, of the Umayyad Caliphate, Córdoba, in present-day Spain, becomes one of the richest cities in the world and a center for scholarship and the arts.
762 C.E. Abbasid Caliphate under al-Mansur and the
Construction of Baghdad
The Abbasid Caliph Abu Jafar, or al-Mansur, reigned
754–775, builds a new capital, Baghdad, on the west bank of the Tigris River. A circular fortress, the city becomes one of the largest and richest in the world.
771 C.E. Charlemagne
Charlemagne becomes the Frankish ruler in the east after the death of his brother Caroman I. Until his brother’s death, Charlemagne had ruled the Neustri and Aquitaine. In a series of campaigns, Charlemagne expands his empire to include all of Germany.
774–842 C.E. Uighur Empire
Seminomadic state on the western border of the Tang Empire in China. Uighurs were vassals and trouble- some allies of the Tang.
780–809 C.E. Golden Age of Islam and Harun al- Rashid
Under Harun al-Rashid, reigned from 786–809, and his son Mamun, reigned 813–833, the Abbasid Caliphate reaches the zenith of its power and glory and is memorialized in the Arabian Nights. An academy for study of sciences and other disciplines, Bayt al Hikmah, becomes the center for scholars from around the world.
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